Slope stability analysis Limit Equilibrium Analysis open pit mine design open pit mining Geotechnical Software 3d Geotechnical software 3d Slope stability analysis open pit mine stability

How Geotech’s can overcome time crunch: UAV Photogrammetry and 3D LEM Analysis Sponsored

When it comes to open pit mines, generally, the steeper the slopes, the greater the ore extraction, but at what cost to safety? This is an age-old question for geotechnical engineers working in the mining industry.

It’s inevitable that to improve the economics of open pit mine design, slope failures will become a concern. Industry standards can allow for a certain percentage of benches in an open pit to collapse, assuming they are controlled and there’s no risk to personnel. When a slope does fail, it can be a time-consuming process to translate the site investigation data into a geotechnical model for analysis. For situations where production is suspended because of a slope failure, efficient site investigation can be critical to resume operations quickly and reduce the financial impact. Regardless of the situation, back analysis of a slope failure is an important component of open pit mining projects as it can provide insight to help you better understand localized ground conditions and refine your designs for future excavation.

This paper by Bar et al. evaluates a pit slope failure in an iron ore mine in western Australia which was effectively evaluated using UAV photogrammetry and 3D Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) analysis using Slide3, all of which took less than 12 hours.

Slope Failure

During operations at an iron ore mine in the Pilbara region of Australia, a multi-bench slope failure occurred. The failure was 24m high, 40m wide with a maximum horizontal runout of 5m on the pit floor. The slope failure started as a local bench failure which extended with the progression of excavations which increased loading of the undercut shale band. The failure was controlled by means of a catchment bund implemented in the pre-mining design and no personnel or equipment was damaged. Figures 1-4 show the progression of the failure:

Open Pit Mine showing benches prior to failure — Figure 1: Prior to failure - pit floor on 500 RL in July 2019

Open Pit Mine benches showing a small localized failure — Figure 2: Excavations progressed 8m - pit floor 492 RL

Open Pit Mine slope showing start of failure — Figure 3: Excavation down 4 meters where the ore was successfully extracted – pit floor 488 RL. Failure propagation evident Nov 26, 2019

Open Pit Mine slope showing full failure — Figure 4: Full 24m high failure which may have been exacerbated by 0.8 mm of rainfall on Nov 27, 2019

Efficient Geotechnical Model Creation

Back analysis of this slope failure was completed in 12 hours using a combination of UAV photogrammetry and 3D LEM analysis using Slide3.

A DJI Phantom 4 drone with a 9 mm camera captured 284 photographs of the slope. Using ShapeMetriX software, the 3D model, consisting of over 7 million surface points, was computed (Figure 5) from the images in less than an hour.

Figure 5: 3D model developed from UAV photogrammetry

The model was then imported into a 3D CAD program GEM4D where the failure plane was modelled as a 3D surface (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Image of failure plane modelled in GEM4D

Back Analysis using 3D Limit Equilibrium Method

To better predict future ground behaviour, back analysis was conducted using the location and orientation of the failure plane and 3D stratigraphic wireframes from UAV photogrammetry to refine the original shear strength parameters of the design.

The analysis focused on shale bedding at low confining stress with overburden ranging from 5 to 12 meters. Anisotropic shear strength parameters were adjusted to get a FoS = 1= +/- 0.01 while attaining realistic slip surfaces representative of the failure (Table 1).

Geotechnical Domain	Bedding Strength Properties		FoS	Analysis Method	Failure Volume (m^3)
Geotechnical Domain	c’ (kPa)	Φ’ (°)	FoS	Analysis Method	Failure Volume (m^3)
MacLeod- Newman Contact: Shale	0	29	1.002 – 1.026	Janbu – GLE	1060
	0	28	0.965 – 1.017	Janbu – GLE	1070
	5	26	1.009 – 1.077	Janbu - GLE	5900

The results suggested bedding shear strengths likely contained 0 to 5 kPa of cohesion with friction angles ranging from 26 to 29 degrees (Figure 7). In addition, vibration and gas pressures from blasting likely resulted in degradation of cohesion which initiated the planar failure.

Slide3 Models showing results of back analysis — Figure 7: Back analysis results using bedding shear strength parameters c'=0 kPa and ϕ'=29° (left) and back analysis results using bedding shear strength parameters c'=5 kPa and ϕ'=26° (right)

How can this information be applied?

The bedding shear strengths and the updated model wireframes used in the back analysis were used to re-evaluate future pit slope design. Findings from this analysis revealed a FoS of 1.09 for a single bench failure mechanism (Figure 8 - left). Even though this FoS isn’t within the DAC for this project, risk can be effectively managed using wide catchment berms and slope deformation monitoring. In addition, a FoS of 1.20 was calculated for a 48 m multiple bench slope (Figure 8 - right) which was within the DAC. Through analysis with the updated model, no evidence of larger slope failure risks was detected.

Figure 8: 3D LE models evaluating future pit slope design using bedding shear strength parameters c'=0 kPa and ϕ'=29°

What can we learn from this?

In open pit mining projects, as slope failures occur, controlled or unexpected, analysis can be conducted to improve your knowledge of the ground conditions and the accuracy of your models. With the advancements in technology making UAV photogrammetry and 3-Dimensional Slope Stability analysis more efficient, these methods can be effectively carried out in the duration of a geotechnical engineer’s shift.