Excavation is a procedure that involves soil or/and rock removal in order to form a cavity and create construction space using different techniques. Excavations that exceed a depth of 4.5m (15ft) are considered Deep Excavations. Because of urbanization and economic development that lead to a greater need for land resources to build infrastructure projects, it is becoming quite common that these excavations are adjacent to other structures, in which case they need to be supported (as opposed to unsupported, sloped open cuts.
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